 |
| Colonial Comedy Kung Fu – the opening shot from Jackie Chan's Project A (1983). Video still, from the Hong Kong Legends 3-disc 'Project A Collection' DVD set, 2005. |
I’m currently working on some writing that attempts to think
through the kung fu comedy film, and its rise in Hong Kong during the mid
1970s. I’m interested in writing about this genre in part precisely because it
is one that has been relatively overlooked, and relatively undervalued. The
epic martial arts film – clearly often nationalist or anti-colonial in its
content – is relatively easy to understand as ‘political’, and hence for academia
to valorise as ‘important’ and worthy of scrutiny. Relatively speaking the
martial arts comedy is less easy to read in terms of a political ‘content’ or
‘position’. Its lack of ‘seriousness’ makes it harder to think about as a
worthy topic of analysis – though perhaps a more positive way to think of this ‘un-serious’
nature would be to count such films as irreverent.
A number of authors – including, for example, Leon Hunt
(2003, p. 102) – have thus proposed that whilst still in the shadow of the
decolonisation movements of the 60s, the Hong Kong Riots, and the turmoil of
the Cultural Revolution, Hong Kong’s martial arts cinema, in its heroic mode,
expressed something of this heavily politicised moment; but they argue that the
rise of kung fu comedy in the mid 1970s marks a depoliticisation of the genre,
reflecting the increasingly ‘taboo’ nature of politics in the colony during
this period. In my recent article on Chang Cheh’s The Assassin (White, 2015), I came quite close to making such and
argument myself.
However, I’m ultimately not convinced that these comic films
are ultimately any less worthy of a political reading than their tragic-epic counterparts. A certain
radical ‘redemption’ of these films seems to me to be in order. After all, they
surely constitute the most ‘popular’ form of martial arts cinema, and, for a
left-wing critic, the popular has to count for something. My proposal is that
in such films, made as they are at a moment of rapid social change (one that it
might once have been fashionable to mark as the moment of the rise of the
‘postmodern’), politics simply migrates ‘somewhere else’ from where it had been
previously.
What’s interesting about working with these films is that
one is thrown increasingly away from narrative readings and forced to engage
with aspects of the visual, the cinematic, and perhaps in particular with
aspects of performance. This in itself might mark a certain resistance in them
to ultimately ‘bourgeois’ forms of narrative, marking the appearance of a cinematic
‘excess’ (Thompson, 1977) in relation to such structures. It seems to me that
the various images and fantasies of the body that are represented in these
films are central to how we might negotiate them critically.
At the moment I’m working on a section of the writing that attempts
to think about these films in relation to Walter Benjamin’s writings about
Mickey Mouse and Hollywood slapstick; and Jackie Chan is the main figure I’m
thinking about. As part of this work, I’ve just been re-watching Chan’s Project A (1983), and, I might add, with
huge pleasure.
It seems to me to be the film where the political stakes of the
body in kung fu comedy emerge most clearly, largely because of a prominence of
historical reference that is unusual in the genre. This historical reference
brings the film close to a kind of political and social satire. I’d argue that
some of the politics that attains this unusual visibility in Project A is in fact merely more latent,
less explicit in many other kung fu comedy films, and that it helps us understand
the broader signification of the body in a genre that had been under
development since at least Lau Kar-leung’s Spiritual
Boxer (1975).
Project A – made
towards the start of a period that has often been understood by critics as always
overdetermined by the looming of the 1997 hand-over of the colony to Chinese
ownership – is set back in ‘old Hong Kong’, in what seems to be the late
nineteenth century, in the heyday of unreconstructed British colonial rule.
Though perhaps in some ways somewhat tender and nostalgic in its recreation of
the past, there’s a strong strand of satire, which mocks the general chaos,
ineptitude and corruption of the colonial regime, as exemplified by both its
British and Chinese representatives. The plot is ultimately not terribly
relevant for our purposes here, but revolves around the rivalries between the
coastguard and the police force, and the attempts of the former to capture a
band of pirates who are halting trade to and from the island.
What was most striking to me in rewatching the film,
however, was Chan’s famous ability not just to stage fights but to work
creatively with the environments and objects in which he sets his characters –
something, of course, that is hardly a new observation about his comic or
choreographic style. It has, however, been argued that something very similar
was at the heart of Charlie Chaplin’s comedy, which often built its humour out
of the transformation of objects from their mundane uses to new and surprising
ends, based not on convention, but on the morphology of the object itself,
presenting us with a rehumanisation of the alienated world of things as
produced by capitalism, and a new mastery of the modern environment (Clayton,
2007, pp. 32–3).
This all happens, in hyperbolic form, in the action scenes
of Project A. A chair is no longer an
object that rules, determines and orders the human body through our very use of
it. (If you are anything like me, you will remember well the constant commands
from childhood: ‘sit up straight!’; ‘don’t tip the chair backwards!’; ‘Don’t
put your feet on the table!’; ‘stop shuffling and sit still!’; etc., etc. In
this, the chair is not just a chair, it’s a tool for the discipline and
socialisation of the body.) Rather than something to be sat on in the ‘proper’
manner, a chair in Jackie Chan films is also for leapfrogging over, rolling
across, or even for a momentary headstand. With a strike coming towards one,
the body may well spin around to lie on the chair, ducking underneath the
strike. And tipping the chair back in what would normally be a disastrous fall,
the acrobatic kung fu comedic body might turn the chair into a form of shelter
in which the body might momentarily nestle, before rolling away, or flipping it
around yourself to move into a new point of attack or retreat. Wielded in the
hands of Jackie Chan, Sammo Hung or Yuen Biao, the chair is no longer a chair,
but a shield, a tool for disarming or trapping an opponent, or a heavy
bludgeon. Tucked rapidly under the body, it might become, again, a launchpad,
or kind of a perch on which to posture and pose before the next exchange with
an opponent.
 |
| When is a chair not a chair? When it's in a Jackie Chan movie... Stills from Project A. |
Similarly in Project A,
coat-stands become tridents; vases become boxing gloves; bamboo poles are no
longer for hanging washing on, but become a jousting lances for knights mounted
on bicycles; bedpans become missile weapons, fired with a flick of the foot
using a bicycle wheel as a launching device; tables become battering rams or
vaulting benches; windows become portals to exit and enter a space. Banisters
are for vaulting over or sliding down; flagpoles are for climbing up, out of
harms way; awnings break your fall; chandeliers are useful to swing from…
We are thrown into the anarchic and surrealistically
re-enchanted world, in permanent flux, which Benjamin (1931; 1933) lauded in
the first Mickey Mouse cartoons. If machinery and capital had set the world
into a state of permanent, disorientating change – and one which more often
than not was experienced as a violence on the human subject, its body and its
capacity for experience – Mickey Mouse, for Benjamin, also revealed the
dialectically complementary side to this. The cartoon imagination foregrounded an
underlying utopian desire for the power to transform the world that Benjamin
saw modern technology itself as expressing, if in distorted form. In early
Disney animations (and in the Hollywood slapstick of Chaplin, Keaton and
Lloyd), this power was envisioned as re-rooted within the body itself. This
power was rehumanised, bracketed off from a capitalist use of technology that
had been turned away from the benefit of humanity and placed in the hands of a
small elite who – as Benjamin suggested first in ‘Experience and Poverty’
(1933) and then more emphatically in the final version of the ‘Artwork’ essay (1992
[1939]) – used it not to liberate but to exploit, and perhaps ultimately
annihilate, the rest of humanity. This rehumanisation might be read as
entailing a reconciliation between the body-intensive nature of Benjamin’s
archaic ‘first-technologies’ and the modern forms he termed ‘second
technology’, the true essence of which, he proposed, lay not in their
alienating use for war and capitalist organisation, but rather in the
institution of ‘play’ between humanity, technology and nature. (For more on Benjamin
on first and second technologies – and their relation to such corporeal arts
such as yoga, as well as his pursuit of the erotic, drugs and ‘running
downhill’, see Hansen, 2002, pp. 52–3.)
 |
| A bedpan used as a projectile weapon, fired with a flick of a bicycle wheel. Video still from Project A. |
Chan’s Project A
was made at a time in Hong Kong of rapid modernisation that competed with the
Europe of Benjamin’s day or the America of Buster Keaton (Duncan, 2007), and
seems to envision something of the same re-appropriation of the alienating
world of things that Benjamin saw in the cinema of his own time. Through the re-enchanting
magic of their transformation, humanity reasserts a creative mastery over the
objects about him. However, in Project A this
takes on a very particular significance in terms of the film’s re-imagination
(and re-appropriation) of an emphatically colonial landscape.
Frantz Fanon, describing the colonial experience, proposed
it as a ‘narrow world, strewn with prohibitions’ (Fanon, 2001, p. 29). If 1970s
Hong Kong was not the most nightmarish of colonies (involving an altogether
‘softer’ form of colonial governance than the French-held Algeria that Fanon
knew), with its crowded urban spaces it at least made Fanon’s figure of speech
a matter of literal, physically experienced constraint, and this surely forms a
significant context for Chan’s corporeal art. Walking in Hong Kong’s bustling
streets even today, or looking up at the huge and tightly packed vertical
towers of tiny apartments, a visitor to the island gets some kind of small
insight into such an experience. Fanon makes much in The Wretched of the Earth of the ways that the colony is structured
around spatial exclusion and control. It is around such spatial organisation that
colonial violence is instituted and made a part of the everyday, embodied
experience of the ‘native’. Much of Chan’s physical performance in Project A involves a renegotiation of
such spaces, bringing an anarchy into them through his physical traversal and
refunctioning of their logic. This is perhaps most spectacularly envisioned in
the bicycle chase through old Hong Kong’s narrow alleyways, where the
protagonists have to zig-zag their ways through the cheek-by-jowl lives of its
inhabitants, navigating impossibly tight right angle turns as fantastical
leaps, or climbing up walls to escape speeding pursuers. Here the relation
between the human body and the bicycle becomes radically refashioned to make
them tools for a superhuman traversal of the colonial metropolis.
 |
| The 'narrow world' of Hong Kong's alleyways reconfigured in a new composition of architecture, bodies and bicycles. |
This logic that pits the body against the colonial
organisation of space is even set up in the opening sequences of the film, for
example, as we see Chan, in his colonial coastguard uniform, rushing to a
meeting at the police and coastguard headquarters. After leaping from his
still-moving bicycle, which crashes madly into the bicycle rack, disintegrating
as it does so, Chan rushes up the evocatively colonial staircase of the
building and along its wooden balconies. Chan vaults and spins over a handrail
to get past oncoming employees within the narrow space available, without
breaking his stride, defying the ‘proper’ function of the Western architecture.
His wild running contrasts to the neatly regimented marching columns of his
colleagues, and, as he reigns himself in in front of a superior officer, his
mode of propulsion is clearly a transgression of correct protocol.
The architecture of the colonial police headquarters is also
renegotiated by Chan’s coastguard hero later in the film, when he decides to
spy on his superior officers, hoping to hear good news about the reinstatement
of shelved plans to attack the pirates. Chan transforms a chimney into a tunnel
that takes him into the heart of the administration, bypassing the normal
security that keeps social inferiors away from the private discussions of their
superiors. Chan, however gets more than he bargains for when the (English)
Governor steps aside from his (Chinese) commanders into a side room to do a
deal with a wealthy businessman who is in fact in league with the pirates. The
Governor’s inner-sanctum-within-an-inner-sanctum sets up a further spatial
divide in rank and privilege between him and his high-level subordinates. Chan,
however, has come into this very room, and it is his illicit eavesdropping on
this conversation, discovering his superior’s guilty secret – and his superior’s
discovery that he has done so – that allows him direct access to the ears of
the very highest level of authority. Being in the centre of the administration,
Chan gets the privilege of putting the moral case to the Governor for fighting
the pirates rather than doing a deal with them. Chan’s physical renegotiation
of the environment thus becomes a parallel challenge to the normal hierarchies
of the film’s world, which are realised in the architecture of the police
headquarters and its regime of physical exclusion.
 |
| Chan turns a chimney into a passageway to enter into the heart of the spaces of colonial privilege. |
One of the key fights in the film takes place in a
high-class club, where the police have gone to arrest a suspect harboured by
the club’s well-connected owner. The film labours the fact that this is a space
from which the police are normally economically excluded (as well as
linguistically so – the head waiter insists on talking to them in English).
Then, when the fight breaks out we have a tour-de-force of the transformation
and re-use of its fittings and furnishings, from the Rococo-style staircase
through the antiques which litter its walls, to the furniture itself, as all
these things are, in their turn, transformed into weapons. The scene is one
where Chan’s stunt team get to ‘do their stuff’, performing a series of the
spectacular falls for which they are so well known, crashing the human body
(thrown, spinning, often from great heights, and with great kinetic force) into
the various props or scenery provided. In most cases, though the body certainly
gets an awful punishment, it is ultimately the club itself which comes off
worst, the high-class environment being reduced, by the end of the scene to
little more than fragments of wood, ceramic and plaster. If this was a space of
colonial (and class) exclusion and privilege, a kind of a ‘kung fu revenge’ has
been waged upon it in the scene through the collision of the environment with
the rubbery bodies of the stunt team and their cartoon-character-like
resilience. In fact, the film overall seems to have a point to make through our
extra-diegetic response to performance, in the ways that (even where taking a
thrashing) the performers’ bodies take on new, fantastical relationships to
their environment, performing unusual forms of movement through it at new
velocities.
 |
| Colonial space being reduced to rubble in Project A, as Chan hurls an opponent through and over the balcony of the exclusive club. |
In the light of such a reading, the theme established
through the early part of the film of the discipline of the body makes another
kind of a sense, too. When Chan’s rather anarchic and incompetent squad of
coastguards are disbanded and sent back to train with the police, this is to
instil in them physical discipline, such as standing straight to salute, in the
proper (Western) military manner. The training itself, however, becomes
peculiarly subversive or carnivalesque in nature. When two recruits on parade
are discovered mouthing a lewd comment about a passing woman, they are punished
by having to repeat the comment ad
nauseam, only serving to multiply, rather than negate its obscenity. A
further recruit, who fails to salute correctly, is made to salute repeatedly, but
this makes the gesture of deference into an absurd and mocking simulacrum of
itself. The recruits are stood on alert in the middle of the night by an
officer who claims to be concerned that they have drunk too much soup, with
Chan having to call a militaristic ‘charge’ to the latrines. The next day
involves the recruits stripped to shower, and interrupted, half soaped, and
called out of the showers with only water ladles to protect their modesty. The
whole training section (a peculiar parody, perhaps, of the training montages
that had already become a staple of the kung fu comedy) serves to re-libidinise
colonial discipline and to re-inject a sort of anarchy into it, through a
failure of the ‘proper’ mimesis of the colonial masters. This ‘failure’ to
conform seems to be celebrated throughout the film, as a productive, creative
and ultimately transgressive and liberating act.
References
Benjamin,
Walter (1931) ‘On Mickey Mouse’, in Jennings, Eiland Gary Smith, eds. (1999),
pp. 545–6.
Benjamin, Walter (1933) ‘Experience and Poverty,’ in in Jennings, Eiland Gary Smith,
eds. (1999), pp. 734–5.
Benjamin,
Walter (1992 [1939]) ‘The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction’,
in Illuminations, ed. Hannah Arendt,
trans. Harry Zohn. London: Fontana, pp. 211–244.
Clayton,
Alex (2007) The Body in Hollywood Slapstick. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.
Duncan,
Sydney (2007) ‘The Traditional Thing in the Modern Age: Contextual Perspectives
on Buster Keaton and Jackie Chan’. New
Review of Film and Television Studies 5.3 (2007), pp. 353–367.
Fanon, Frantz (2001) The Wretched of the Earth.
London: Penguin.
Hansen,
Miriam (2002) ‘Benjamin and Cinema: Not a One-Way Street’, in Gerhard Richter,
ed., Benjamin's Ghosts: Interventions in
Contemporary Literary and Cultural Theory. Stanford: Stanford UP, pp. 41–73.
Hunt, Leon (2003) Kung
Fu Cult Masters: From Bruce Lee to Crouching Tiger. London: Wallflower.
Jennings, Michael,
Howard Eiland and Gary Smith, eds. (1999) Walter
Benjamin: Selected Writings, vol 2, part 2, 1931–1934. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Thompson, Kristin (1977) ‘The Concept of Cinematic Excess’. Ciné-Tracts: A Journal of Film,
Communications, Culture and Politics 1.2, pp. 54–64.
White, Luke (2015) ‘A “Narrow World, Strewn with
Prohibitions”: Chang Cheh’s The Assassin and
the 1967 Hong Kong Riots’. Asian Cinema
26.1, pp. 79–98, doi: 10.1386/ac.26.1.79_1.
